Sakmarian Permian Chemnitz Petrified Forest was a wet Oasis in a Variable Semi Arid/Semi Humid Climate

Palaeoclimatic and site-specific conditions in the early Permian fossil forest of Chemnitz—Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeobotanical evidence

Authors:

Luthardt et al

Abstract:

As significant indicators of deep-time palaeoclimate, a number of new palaeontological, pedological and geochemical characteristics are provided for the Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte to depict more precisely its environmental conditions. For the first time, several lines of evidence indicate that this fossil forest, instantaneously preserved by volcanic deposits, once received an annual precipitation of around 800–1100 mm, but grew on a nearly unweathered palaeosol. Although the composition of this rich and diverse T0 assemblage suggests a hygrophilous, dense and multi-aged vegetation dominated by conservative lineages, the habitat was affected by environmental disturbances and pronounced seasonality. Repeated changes in local moisture availability are suggested by geochemical proxies, the co-occurrence to intergrowth of calcic and ferric glaebules in the palaeosol and developmental traits of perennial vegetational elements. Specific substrate adaptation is reflected by different root systems and cyclic growth interruptions recorded in the stems, branches and roots of long-lived woody plants. Many differentially adapted terrestrial animals complete the more comprehensive reconstruction of a late Sakmarian ecosystem and its climatic and preservational controls. Albeit spatially confined, this diverse in-situ record may contribute to understand wetland–dryland dynamics of sub-tropical Northern Hemisphere Pangaea.

The Composition and Layout of a Wolfcampian/Lower Permian Woodland

Plant architecture and spatial structure of an early Permian woodland buried by flood waters, Sangre de Cristo Formation, New Mexico

Authors:

Rinehart et al

Abstract:

Natural molds of 165 stems were found in life position in a 1 m-thick sandstone bed, lower Permian (Wolfcampian), Sangre de Cristo Formation, northern New Mexico. The sandstone represents a single flood event of a river sourced in the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Most of the flood-buried plants survived and resumed growth. The stem affinities are uncertain, but they resemble coniferophytic gymnosperms, possibly dicranophylls. Stem diameters (N = 135) vary from 1 to 21 cm, with three strongly overlapping size classes. Modern forest studies predict a monotonically decreasing number (inverse square law) of individuals per size class as diameter increases. This is not seen for fossil stems ≤ 6 cm diameter, reflecting biases against preservation, exposure, and observation of smaller individuals. Stems ≥ 6 cm diameter obey the predicted inverse square law of diameter distribution. Height estimates calculated from diameter-to-height relationships of modern gymnosperms yielded heights varying from ~ 0.9 m to greater than 8 m, mean of ~ 3 m. Mean stand density is approximately 2 stems/m2 (20,000 stems/hectare) for all stems greater than 1 cm diameter. For stems greatre than than 7.5 cm or greater than 10 cm diameter, density is approximately 0.24 stems/m2 (2400 stems/hectare) and 0.14 stems/m2 (1400 stems/hectare). Stem spatial distribution is random (Poisson). Mean all-stem nearest-neighbor distance (NND) averages 36 cm. Mean NND between stems greater than 7.5 cm and greater than than 10 cm diameter is approximately 1.02 m and 1.36 m. NND increases in approximate isometry with stem diameter, indicating conformation to the same spatial packing rules found in extant forests and other fossil forests of varying ages. Nearest-neighbor distance distribution passes statistical testing for normality, but with positive skew, as often seen in extant NND distributions. The size-frequency distribution of the stems is similar to those of Jurassic, early Tertiary, and extant woodlands; the early Permian woodland distribution line has the same slope, but differs in that the overall size range increases over time (Cope's rule). The early Permian woodland is self-thinning; its volume versus density relationship shows a self-thinning exponent between − 1.25 and − 1.5, within the range seen in some extant plant stands (− 1.21 to − 1.7).

Abyssomedon williamsi: the First Known nyctiphruretid parareptile From Sakmarian Permian Oklahoma

The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration

Authors:

MacDougall et al

Abstract:

The Richards Spur Locality of Oklahoma, USA, long known for its highly diverse Early Permian terrestrial tetrapod assemblage, is particularly interesting for the presence of many endemic taxa. The parareptilian component of the assemblage, rare members of other Early Permian communities, is especially diverse at Richards Spur, consisting of six species. The newest parareptile, Abyssomedon williamsi gen. et sp. nov., consists of an articulated left jaw and various disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements. A new phylogenetic analysis of parareptiles, based on an updated modified data matrix revealed that Ab. williamsi is a member of the small clade Nyctiphruretidae. This makes Ab. williamsi the first and oldest nyctiphruretid, a clade of parareptiles otherwise known from the Middle and Late Permian of Russia, extending the age of the clade back into the Early Permian. This discovery also raises the possibility that nyctiphruretids may have dispersed from western Laurasia to eastern Laurasia. The characteristic jugal morphology of Ab. williamsi shows that it would have possessed a slender, deep, temporal emargination. The current topology of Parareptilia indicates that there was considerable variability in the patterns of lateral temporal openings amongst the various members of this clade, suggesting that there may have been multiple, independent modifications of this region of the skull. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London

Evidence of Warm Ocean Water at High Latitudes of Pangaea During the Moscovian/Sakmarian Carboniferous

Paleobiology and paleoecology of Palaeoaplysina and Eopalaeoaplysina new genus in Arctic Canada

Authors:

Anderson et al

Abstract:

Palaeoaplysina is an enigmatic platy macrofossil with a cellular skeleton and internal canal system common to upper Carboniferous–lower Permian reefs of the northern hemisphere. Its rapid flourishing from the Moscovian and subsequent extinction near the end of the Sakmarian, as well as its unique combination of physical features, are poorly understood. In addition to Palaeoaplysina reefs forming major petroleum exploration targets in Russia, Palaeoaplysina is abundant and well preserved in the Sverdrup Basin in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A new genus of Palaeoaplysinaceae, Eopalaeoaplysina n. gen., is also widespread in the Sverdrup Basin and identified based on a simple morphology with broad canals distributed in roughly even rows. The distribution of paleoaplysinids in strata from the Moscovian to the Sakmarian in the Sverdrup Basin reveals Eopalaeoaplysina and Palaeoaplysina represent two distinct reef-building forms with an increase in complexity over time. The aragonitic composition of Palaeoaplysina, in addition to its distribution within the photic zone and differentiated cellular skeleton, suggests paleoaplysinids were ancestral red algae. Palaeoaplysina occurs in both low-energy back-reef and higher-energy reef front facies. Preserved thin edges of Palaeoaplysina plates indicate it was encrusting, at least in low-energy conditions. The exclusion of Palaeoaplysina from the late Paleozoic tropics and the southern hemisphere, its rapid appearance and proliferation, and its eventual extinction may point towards an evolutionary niche optimized for warm-water conditions at unusually high latitudes along the western margin of Pangea.

Delorhynchus cifellii: a new Lanthanosuchoid Parareptile From Sakmarian Permian Oklahoma

A new species of the parareptile genus Delorhynchus, based on articulated skeletal remains from Richards Spur, Lower Permian of Oklahoma

Authors:

Reisz et al

Abstract:

Description of a new species of the parareptile genus Delorhynchus is based on a well-preserved partial subadult skeleton, an isolated adult skull, and disarticulated elements recently collected from the Lower Permian Richards Spur locality of Oklahoma, U.S.A. Delorhynchus cifellii, sp. nov., is distinguished from Delorhynchus priscus by the lack of an accessory articulating anterodorsal flange of the maxilla. The hypodigm of Delorhynchus cifellii reveals that Delorhynchus is distinguished from other parareptiles by cranial dermal sculpture consisting of a system of low, smooth tuberosities and a pattern of diffuse shallow, circular dimples. In a phylogenetic analysis of parareptiles, Delorhynchus cifellii is positioned as the sister species of Lanthanosuchoidea. Recognition of Delorhynchus cifellii, sp. nov., and its phylogenetic position among parareptiles highlights the significance of the Richards Spur locality in our understanding of the early evolutionary history of reptiles.

Postglacial Sakmarian–Artinskian Permian Oceanic Paleoenvironment in Australasia

Postglacial Early Permian (late Sakmarian– early Artinskian) shallow-marine carbonate deposition along a 2000 km transect from Timor to west Australia

Authors:

Haig et al

Abstract:

Late Sakmarian to early Artinskian (Early Permian) carbonate deposition was widespread in the marine intracratonic rift basins that extended into the interior of Eastern Gondwana from Timor in the north to the northern Perth Basin in the south. These basins spanned about 20° of paleolatitude (approximately 35°S to 55°S). This study describes the type section of the Maubisse Limestone in Timor-Leste, and compares this unit with carbonate sections in the Canning Basin (Nura Nura Member of the Poole Sandstone), the Southern Carnarvon Basin (Callytharra Formation) and the northern Perth Basin (Fossil Cliff Member of the Holmwood Shale). The carbonate units have no glacial influence and formed part of a major depositional cycle that, in the southern basins, overlies glacially influenced strata and lies a short distance below mudstone containing marine fossils and scattered dropstones (perhaps indicative of sea ice). In the south marine conditions became more restricted and were replaced by coal measures at the top of the depositional sequence. In the north, the carbonate deposits are possibly bryozoan–crinoidal mounds; whereas in the southern basins they form thin laterally continuous relatively thin beds, deposited on a very low-gradient seafloor, at the tops of shale–limestone parasequences that thicken upward in parasequence sets. All marine deposition within the sequence took place under very shallow (inner neritic) conditions, and the limestones have similar grain composition. Bryozoan and crinoidal debris dominate the grain assemblages and brachiopod shell fragments, foraminifera and ostracod valves are usually common. Tubiphytes ranged as far south as the Southern Carnarvon Basin, albeit rarely, but is more common to the north. Gastropod and bivalve shell debris, echinoid spines, solitary rugose corals and trilobite carapace elements are rare. The uniformity of the grain assemblage and the lack of tropical elements such as larger fusulinid foraminifera, colonial corals or dasycladacean algae indicate temperate marine conditions with only a small increase in temperature to the north.

The depositional cycle containing the studied carbonate deposits represents a warmer phase than the preceding glacially influenced Asselian to early Sakmarian interval and the subsequent cool phase of the "mid" Artinskian that is followed by significant warming during the late Artinskian–early Kungurian. The timing of cooler and warmer intervals in the west Australian basins seems out-of-phase with the eastern Australian succession, but this may be a problem of chronostratigraphic miscorrelation due to endemic faunas and palynofloras.

Broiliellus reiszi: A New Dissorophid Temnospondyl From Early Permian New Mexico

A new dissorophid (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the Early Permian of New Mexico (United States)

Authors:

1. Robert Holmes (a)
2. David S. Berman (b)
3. Jason S. Anderson (c)

Affiliations:

a. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6E 1A2, Canada

b. Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

c. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada

Abstract:

An amphibian skull and partial skeleton found from the El Cobre Canyon Formation of New Mexico, USA, is identified as a new species of the dissorophoid temnospondyl genus Broiliellus. Significant anatomical features include: a relatively long, narrow preorbital region, with both nasals and vomers no more than half as wide anteriorly than posteriorly; extended ventral projection of the postorbital; a unilaterally retained lateral exposure of the ectopterygoid (in addition to the normally present lateral exposure of the palatine); supratemporal lacking a semilunar flange; highly vaulted vomers forming a median internasal septum; and an angular with a swollen posteroventral keel. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supports a sister group relationship with Broiliellus brevis and clearly distinguishes it from another dissorophoid, ‘B.’ novomexicanus from New Mexico. The medially restricted supraneural osteoderms are more similar to those seen in Cacops than Broiliellus, which reinforces the importance of avoiding using single ‘key features’ to discriminate taxa.

An Exquisite Seed Fern From the Chemnitz Petrified Forest, Germany

Micro-CT investigation of a seed fern (probable medullosan) fertile pinna from the early Permian Petrified Forest in Chemnitz, Germany

Authors:

1. Zhuo Feng (a, b, c)
2. Ronny Röβler (b)
3. Volker Annacker (b)
4. Ji-Yuan Yang (a)

Affiliations:

a. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China

b. DAStietz, Museum für Naturkunde, Moritzstraße 20, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany

c. State Key laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Insitute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS), Nanjing 210008, China

Abstract:

A new bipinnate fertile pinna, Sterzelitheca chemnitzensis, bearing alternate synangia, is described from the Chemnitz Petrified Forest, Germany. The specimen occurs in the basal volcanic ash of the Zeisigwald Tuff Horizon, Leukersdorf Formation, Lower Permian. Because it is partially embedded in the tuffaceous matrix, X-Ray micro-Computer Tomography was employed to investigate the complete morphology without mechanical preparation of the hand specimen. The pinna is 66 mm long and branched once at least, the ultimate pinnae alternately positioned on the penultimate axis at angles of 45-55°. Stalked synangia are bell-like, borne alternately on both the terminal portion of the penultimate axis and the ultimate axes at angles of 25-60°. The smooth walled stalk is 3-7 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide. Individual synangia are up to 6.5 mm in diameter and 10 mm long, and bear 12-14 elongated sporangia. Tubular sporangia are thin walled, circular in transverse section, arranged at the rim of the circular synangial pad around a central hollow. The unique preservational mould of the studied specimen is neither a permineralisation nor a compression-impression. It is three-dimensionally preserved, but lacks any organic remains. We provide the first detailed three-dimensional features of a probable medullosan male reproductive organ from the Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte. The relatively simple structure of the specimen offers a better understanding of the Palaeozoic seed ferns.

Fires During the Permian

The burning of Gondwana: Permian fires on the southern continent—A palaeobotanical approach

Authors:

1. André Jasper (a)
2. Margot Guerra-Sommer (b)
3. Abdalla M.B. Abu Hamad (c)
4. Marion Bamford (d)
5. Mary Elizabeth Cerruti Bernardes-de-Oliveira (e, f)
6. Rajni Tewari (g)
7. Dieter Uhl (h, i)

Affiliations:

a. Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil

b. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

c. The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

d. BPI Palaeontology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

e. Universidade de Guarulhos, Guarulhos, Brazil

f. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

g. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, India

h. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

i. Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Abstract:

Fossil charcoal has widely been accepted as a direct indicator for the occurrence of palaeo-wildfires. In Upper Palaeozoic sediments of Euramerica and Cathaysia, records of these remains are relatively common and (regionally and stratigraphically) more or less homogeneously distributed in terrestrial sequences. On the other hand, just a few records have been published for the Permian of Gondwana and only recently has it been demonstrated that macroscopic charcoals are also common here. Most Permian macroscopic charcoal from Gondwana is gymnospermous and has been reported from coal-bearing strata. Macroscopic charcoal occurrences are spread out in different sequences and also in distinct stratigraphic intervals in the Permian [e.g., Paraná Basin (Sakmarian/Artinskian of Brazil), Karoo Basin (Artinskian of South Africa), Damodar Basin (Lopingian of India) and Dead Sea area (Changhsingian of Jordan)]. They range from peri-glacial/post-glacial to warm temperate climatic systems throughout the Permian. Macro- and micro-charcoal occurrences are compared to inertinite incidences to support the pyrogenic origin for these coal macerals and to provide an up to date overview on the known evidences of Permian wildfires on Gondwana in space and time.

This has some serious implications for the paleoatmosphere:  you don't get fires if the oxygen level falls too low.  This goes from the Sakmarian to the Lopingian.