Seemingly Deep Water Seep Carbonate Mounds are Really From a Stenian MesoProterozoic Alkali Lake

Deep-water seep-related carbonate mounds in a Mesoproterozoic alkaline lake, Borden Basin (Nunavut, Canada)

Authors:

Hahn et al

Abstract:

The Mesoproterozoic (1.1 Ga) Borden Basin contains extremely large, deep-water dolostone seep mounds (Ikpiarjuk Formation) whose distribution is controlled by faults. Four mounds were investigated along measured stratigraphic sections. Petrographic study revealed several depositional components, and a mixture of at least two distinct carbonate sources. Stable isotope data showed no significant methane contribution to the carbonate phases. Detritus-corrected REE + Y patterns, obtained using solution ICP-MS, depict binary mixtures between basin-water-derived precipitates and seep-fluid-derived carbonate. The purest pelagic REE + Y signal is from mound tops, suggesting that mound accumulation ceased when the seep fluid waned. The REE + Y pattern of the pelagic precipitates resembles that of modern alkaline lake water. The shale-normalised pattern of the basin water is LREE-depleted, has a positive Ce anomaly and pronounced Y-excess, but lacks the La and Gd anomalies typical of seawater. The seep-fluid-related dolomite has flat shale-normalised REE + Y patterns, no Ce anomaly, and a negative Eu anomaly. This combination of characteristics points to circum-neutral (Ca and Mg-bearing?) fluids that interacted with the underlying basement before seeping into the lake bottom through faults. The chemostratigraphic patterns of the mounds result from the relative contribution of elements from the basin water vs. seep fluids. When combined with published geochemical data for coeval black shale surrounding the mounds, the new data suggest a lacustrine setting, surrounded by catchments with a preponderance of moderately to strongly weathered alkali basalt whose runoff drove the lake to alkalinity. Seep fluid was probably evaporatively concentrated basin water that acquired new geochemical characteristics both during evaporation and through water-rock interaction in the subsurface. The new understanding of this depositional stage of the Borden Basin highlights the importance of lacustrine deposits in the Mesoproterozoic, and presents an obvious impediment to using carbonate stable isotope or trace element geochemistry to reconstruct global atmosphere-hydrosphere conditions for this time for any units that cannot be demonstrated conclusively to be of marine origin.

Arctic Plesiosaurs From Aptian Cretaceous Nunavut, Canada

Arctic plesiosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Melville Island, Nunavut, Canada

Authors:

Vavrek et al

Abstract:

An expedition to Melville Island in Nunavut, Canada, recovered the fragmentary fossils of several plesiosaurs from non-marine deposits of the Hauterivian–Aptian Isachsen Formation. These plesiosaur fossils are some of the oldest Early Cretaceous records of the group in North America, and they likely predate the formation of a continuous Western Interior Seaway. The plesiosaurs from Melville Island appear to be primarily juveniles, and would have been living in a region that experienced at least seasonally cool temperatures. The presence of these fossils in a fluvial deposit support previous suggestions that juvenile plesiosaurs may have preferentially inhabited shallower waters rather than open marine environments. These fossils also show that polycotylid plesiosaurs were able to rapidly disperse and colonize high latitude coastal regions, as their occurrence in Arctic Canada only slightly postdates the first confirmed appearance of the group in Australia.